What is the nature of justice in Oedipus Rex?

'Themis', the Greek word which is approximately translated as 'Justice', and as the
name of the Goddess of 'Justice' is peculiarly liable to misinterpretation. The modern idea of
Justice includes an idea of fairness and proportionality absent from the Greek concept of
'Themis', which is perhaps closer in meaning to ideas like 'natural law' or 'orderliness'. This
reflects the position of the Olympian gods as forces of nature, unforgiving and largely
indifferent to human suffering.

provides an excellent
example of this. There is often dispute about 's hamartia (tragic flaw),
since he obviously does not intend to kill his father and marry his mother. There is, in legal
terms, no 'mens rea' or 'guilty intention' behind any of his actions. Modern theories of Justice
would excuse Oedipus from punishment because of this lack of guilty intention, but 'Themis'
demands retribution in any case. In this sense, it is a force of nature (hence the eponymous
goddess): If you walk into a...

What are the salient features of the Victorian Age in English literature?

Because the
Victorian Era covers so many years,
1830 - 1900, it is usually broken down into the early
Victorian,
mid-Victorian, and late Victorian, each of which displays its own
characteristics.
With the rapid industrialization taking place during the
years 1830 - 1850, early Victorian
works are characterized by attention to
social issues such as child labor and poverty.
Representative works include
the heart-rending "The Cry of the Children" by Elizabeth
Barrett Browning and
the beloved novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. To

the credit of private and public figures of that time, including Queen Victoria herself,
real
progress was made on many of those issues.

This
progress led to a period in
the middle of the century when the British Empire
blossomed and pride in the national identity
peaked, represented by Prince
Albert's Great Exhibition of 1851. George Eliot wrote novels of
moral decency
and brilliant psychological ; Alfred Lord Tennyson, who became poet laureate
in
1850, wrote wonderful lyric poetry, his famous "In Memoriam," and
patriotic verses
such as "The Charge of the Light Brigade." The
Pre-Raphaelites celebrated beauty in
language and visual arts, contributing
to the mid-Victorian heyday of literary
achievement.

The
later years of the Victorian Era saw a tendency toward the
deconstruction of
Victorian values. Playwrights Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw were each cleverly

iconoclastic in their own ways, satirizing the shortcomings of their society in plays
such as
The Importance of Being Earnest and
Mrs. Warren's
Profession. Robert Louis Stevenson's
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde also pointed
out the hypocrisy of those who would live dual lives in a
surprising
detective type story with a Gothic twist. In poetry, Robert Browning's
fascinating
dramatic monologues foreshadowed the 20th century's use of the
natural rhythms of speech over
the strict metrical arrangements of
traditional poetry. 

In general,
Victorian literature
represents a zenith of English language literary achievement in terms of
the
beauty of its language and thought, reflecting traditional values and using
time-tested
literary forms to express its themes. The later years of the
period began to show more
disillusionment and doubt, which would become
full-blown in the 20th
century. 

href="http://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html">http://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html

Read "Two Ways to Belong in America" (pp. 849) and "White Trash Primer" (pp. 852). After reading, answer the following questions: Both essays are...

In both
texts, the concept of culture is considered; and ultimately, the focus of the texts shifts to
how culture is flexible and evolves. Both "White Trash Primer" and "Two Ways to
Belong in America" discuss how someone can change their culture to adjust to the
opportunity that America provides.

In "White Trash Primer" the
author addresses the struggle of working-class white Americans. At the start, her family
struggles to eke out a living working on a farm, and the narrator falls works, despite being
underage. The work that the author does at the start of the story and the subsequent sex-work
she does is indicative of her social class, as well as her own view of herself and her station
in life. She drops out of college to help her family make ends meet, and she operates in
survival mode through the first half of the story.

Her vision of an evolving
culture is what links her to the mindset of the author of "Two Ways." Like in
"Two Ways," theof "White Trash Primer" eventually...

What is the "mysterious force" that Melchizedek makes reference to and what does it do in The Alchemist by Coelho?

Your
question isn't exactly clear. There are two forces spoken of. For the
first, in the simplest terms, the mysterious force, "there is a force that
wants you to realize your Personal Legend," is the confluence of energy in the universe
that is in harmonic blend when all parts are working in a synchronous unification of motion.
When this confluence of synchronicity occurs, paths lead to appointed ends, dreams lead to
realization and desires lead to joys. In other words, the force in energy in the universe that
is transferred to productivity in life when all energetic fields are working together in unity.
For the other, the mysterious force is that world force that clouds
over the dream, the Personal legend, each sees and knows in their childhood. It is mysterious
because no understanding is had of where it comes from, except societal expectations at large,
why it obliterates personal visions, or what the aim is.

Briefly explain the narrator's situation at the start of ''Charles'' by telling how she feels about Laurie's going off to school.

The
narrator refers to the changes in their own life by detailing some of the physical and emotional
changes that their young son, Laurie, experienced when he started school. Initially, the reader
does not know the speaker's gender. Within a few paragraphs, when the speaker refers to the boys
attitude toward his father, the implication is that the speaker is the boys mother.

The mother states that an era of her own life ended when Laurie went off to school.
She describes the different clothing that he wore, going from bib overalls to blue jeans with
full-length legs. She also allowed him to walk to school without her, but in the company of an
older girl from next door. The mother also emphasizes the boys temperament, calling him
sweet-voiced"; in contrast, that day, he did not even stop at the end of the block to
wave. By the time he comes back from school, his voice has become raucous, and he speaks
insolently." The changes are notable.

Overall, the first few
paragraphs make it clear that the woman is missing her sons youth; the reader could infer that
his growing up is making her feel older. She also mentions a baby sister, so her situation has
changed recently, with the addition of a second child.

href="http://storyoftheweek.loa.org/2010/06/charles.html">http://storyoftheweek.loa.org/2010/06/charles.html

What is the moral message in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson?

byis a complex and interesting work that addresses the dilemmas
posed by advanced scientific technology. It does not have a simple, singular, moral message, but
rather makes its readers think through the problems of morality in a society which was
simultaneously becoming less religious and experiencing rapid technological change.

The first moral issue the reader encounters is that of whether scientific advances that
offer easy ways to change our natures are fundamentally problematic. Dr. Jekyll is essentially
trying to make himself a better person by use of drugs rather than self-discipline and moral
effort. This shortcut does not turn out well and is prescient in the way it anticipates the
issues people now face with the developments of many psychoactive drugs and genetic
modification. Essentially, it suggests that taking shortcuts without considering consequences
can result in morally bad outcomes.

Next, the character of...

As described in the book Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality, how does mass incarceration in the...

In the book
Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American
Inequality, authors Sara Wakefield of Rutgers University and Christopher Wildeman of
Yale University explore the effects of high rates of US incarceration, turning their attention
to the children of incarcerated parents.

Using data from surveys of children
and caregivers and qualitative interview data, Wakefield and Wildeman show how mass
incarceration has disproportionately affected black men and their children. The researchers
conclude that incarceration is exceedingly racially...

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gb_width="1000"
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id="image-float" title="Click to
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href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/school-prison-pipeline?redirect=fact-sheet/what-school-prison-pipeline">https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice/school-priso...

Is Hester doing the right thing by keeping quiet about Chillingworths true identity, knowing all the while that he is living with Dimmesdale?

It is
consistent with 's strong sense of honor that having promised Chillingworth she would not reveal
his identity as her husband, she sticks to her word.

However, I would say she
is not doing the right thing. She must at least suspect that her husband's
intentions towards Dimmesdale are not good. After all, the whole community knows Chillingworth
is an evil man:

To sum up the matter, it grew to be a
widely diffused opinion, that the Reverend , like many other personages of especial sanctity, in
all ages of the Christian world, was haunted either by Satan himself, or Satan's emissary, in
the guise of old .

What the quote above means is that the
community thinks that because Dimmesdale is a man of great goodness ("especial
sanctity"), he is being tested by the devil in the form of Chillingworth.

If the entire community, who has no idea of Chillingworth's relationship to Hester or
Hester's to Dimmesdale, thinks Chillingworth is an evil influence on the pastor, how can Hester
not perceive this? She must realize the danger Chillingworth poses, and she must see how
Dimmesdale health is declining while he lives with Chillingworth. This adds complexity to her
psychological portrait. Underneath her goodness and purity, she may wish for Dimmesdale to
suffer as she has.

After seven years, she will say to Chillingworth that she
can no longer keep the secret, stating:

As the life and
good fame of yonder man were in your hands, there seemed no choice to me, save to be silent, in
accordance with your behest. Yet it was not without heavy misgivings that I thus bound myself;
for, having cast off all duty towards other human beings, there remained a duty towards him; and
something whispered me that I was betraying it, in pledging myself to keep your
counsel.

What aspects of society does Chaucer satirize in his portrayal of the miller?

In the Generalto
Canterbury Tales, Geoffery Chaucer describes a miller, a workman who is
crude but clever.

The miller is a "stout churl [coarse person]... /
Hardy and big of brawn and big of bone."  His beard is red, like that of "any sow or
fox."  On his nose sits a wart that is crowned with "a tuft of hairs."  His
nostrils are "black and very wide," and his mouth is "like a furnace door for
size."

His behavior is no more attractive than his appearance:

He was a jester and could poetize,
But mostly all of sin
and ribaldries [obscene stories].

He is also a cheater in
his business.  For one thing, he steals "corn," meaning grain that he can grind.  For
another, he charges "full thrice...his fees"---three times more than the fair price. 
Finally, he has "a thumb of gold."  This refers to the practice of many millers to
place their thumbs on the scale when they were weighing the milled grain that were returning to
the customer; in this way they could falsely raise the weight and keep some of the customer's
grain for themselves. 

In summary, Chaucer is mocking the image of the
honest, hardworking, clean-living craftsman.  Chaucer's miller is nothing like the blacksmith
described centuries later by Longfellow in his poem "The Village Blacksmith."
 

Can globalization be considered to be doing more harm than good? Please discussed using peer reviewed research.

Globalization has had a major impact on the world at large, both in terms of business
and culture. As technology improves, the world metaphorically gets smaller. When that happens,
cultures collide and changes begin to occur. Along with all of the positives, there are several
pitfalls that can accompany globalization.

First, big business can get even
bigger. Large national companies rapidly become so powerful that they hold large portions of the
market throughout the worldand they end up pushing out local businesses and putting people out
of work while undercutting prices.

Second, threats...

What are the number of combinations of 7 alphabets chosen from the letters ABCDEFGHIJKL.

The number
of combinations possible when r elements are chosen from a set with n elements is C(n, r)
=...

What is the irony and suspense in Saki's short story, "The Open Window"?

"MY aunt will be down presently, Mr. Nuttel," said a very
self-possessed young lady of fifteen; "in the meantime you must try and put up with
me."

Here, with this quotation, starts the suspense.
With 's simple opening come two important questions to the reader's mind. The first is how
self-possessed can a young lady of fifteen actually be? The second is why does she say
"must try and put up with me"? Our interest is piqued and our attention is fine-tuned
to see what peculiarities to come will answer the questions and explain her words.

The very next sentence introduces .

Framton
Nuttel endeavoured to say the correct something which should duly flatter the niece of the
moment without unduly discounting the aunt that was to come.

In addition to situational irony, the narrator's ironic tone is manifest. Ironic humor
is evident in the narrator's choice of using repetition to describe Nuttel's conversational
predicament: "duly flatter the niece ... unduly discounting the
aunt."

Both...

In the second paragraph, Edwards begins three clauses with "there is," a technique known as anaphora. Why does he use this repetitive structure in...

The
Reverendmakes use of , the repetition of the first part of his sentences or phrases, in order to
place emphasis on the ideas that he wishes to convey. Anaphora is also a rhetorical tool used in
many Bible verses; thus, this device seems appropriate to Edwards's sermon and lends his words a
commanding Biblical tone, in addition to the stress given his ideas.

Just as
the Reverend Edwards uses "there is" repetitively to frighten his listeners with the
"dreadful pit" and the "wrath of God" where "there is nothing between
[them] and hell," in the paragraph that begins with "O sinner!" Edwards asks his
audience to think about the spiritual danger in which they exist. He heightens the effect of his
sermon when he again uses anaphora as he repeats the word nothing several
times in order to explain to his...

In Animal Farm, how did Mrs. Jones exit the farm during the animal revolution?

Mrs. Jones
sees the animals revolting from her bedroom window. She reacts quickly as soon as she realizes
what is going on. She packs a bag with a few of her possessions, presumably of some value to
her, and slips away from the farm:

Mrs. Jones looked out
of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly...

What happens to Tom's wife in "The Devil and Tom Walker"?

After hearing
Tom's report of the deal he had been offered by , whereby he could basically "sell his
soul" in return for great wealth (the gold buried by Kidd the pirate), Tom's wife goes into
the forest to make her own deal since Tom refuses to do so.  She is never heard from
again.

Various reports in town offer differing theories for what happened to
her: some say she lost her way and sank in the slough; some say she ran away with the household
valuables; and others say she was misled by "a great black man, with an ax on his
shoulder" into a quagmire, where her hat was later found.  Some said they had seen such a
man late at night leaving the sawmp, "carrying a bundle tied in a check apron, with an air
of surly triumph."

This last report seems to be confirmed by what Tom
finds upon entering the forest to look for his lost wife - or rather, his lost property.  After
much searching and calling of her name, his attention is drawn to some noisy crows in a cypress
tree.  When he looks up, he sees "a bundle tied in a check apron," and he immediately
recognizes his wife's apron.  However, when he takes it down and unties it, he does not find his
household valuables; instead, he finds "nothing but a heart and liver tied up in
it!"

The reader is left to assume that his wife has been killed - that
her deal-making with the devil did not work out.  Unfortunately, Tom does not take heed of this
warning.  Instead of feeling sorrow at his wife's demise, he feels liberated, and therefore goes
on to make his own deal with the devil, happy that this time any wealth he gains will not have
to be shared with his wife.  His ill-gotten wealth, however, only leads to a life of regret and
a miserable end.

 

What is the main theme of the poem "Anne Frank Huis" by Andrew Motion?

The main
idea of this poem is spelled out at the end. Throughout the initial stanzas, Motion usesof
entrapment and imprisonment. The streets are guarded and the rooms are "sunlit"
implying that the speaker understands that Anne Frank wouldn't want to be in a sunlit room,
she'd want to be out in the sun. These are all things that we take for granted.

In the last stanza of the poem, Motion illustrates the guilt feelings of the speaker.
Anne cannot leave,

as simply as I do, and walk at
ease

up dusty, tree-lined avenues, or watch

or watch a
silent barge come clear of bridges

settling their reflections in the blue
canal.

The speaker illustrates that Anne Frank's simple
wish, of leaving whenever she wants to, is something she was never able to do once she went into
hiding. Motion is illustrating the main theme of imprisonment versus freedom, "one enduring
wish ... / to leave as ... I do, and walk at ease." This is what we take for granted and
what Anne Frank didn't have.

Was the story of "Young Goodman Brown" a dream or a reality to Brown? Explain why you think so.

The events that take
place in this short story might have been a dream, but they certainly do not feel that way to
young Goodman Brown himself. After Brown begs Faith, his wife, to resist the devil, he finds
himself all alone in the dark forest. He returns to the village, a changed man from the one he
was just the evening before, and the narrator asks,

Had
Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest, and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting? Be
it so, if you will.

We, the readers, can tell ourselves
that it was a dream if we prefer, but Goodman Brown does not seem to think of his experiences as
a dream. He acts as though he believes that the events took place in reality. "A stern, a
sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become [...]." When
Brown sees Goody Cloyse with a little girl, he "snatched away the child, as from the grasp
of the fiend himself." He...

Why does Giovanni not die from Beatrice's breath (he just becomes poisonous himself) in "Rappaccinis Daughter."

Hawthorne's "" is one of those
classic stories which is worth discussing.  This is a good question with a simple
answer--Giovanni had become accustomed to the poison in small doses and was therefore immune to
its effects.

When he first arrived, he was given a room directly over the
garden and the window was open.  We know the poisons in the garden were powerful enough for
Doctor Rappaccini to wear a mask at least some of the time.  Some of that poison was no doubt
carried in the air particles Giovanni unknowingly breathed in every day. 

After he and Beatrice developed a speaking relationship, they talked mostly through
that same window overlooking the garden.  More opportunities for Giovanni's body to become
accustomed to the poison.  We know this was happening, because one day Signor Baglioni saw
Giovanni on the street and almost didn't recognize him--his coloring had become that of
Beatrice's, an almost too vivid version of itself. 

Finally, once the young
couple were spending actual time together (after conveniently being given a key to the garden),
they spent it within the confines of the garden.  This all happened slowly, of course, and in a
way which was virtually unnoticeable to either Giovanni or Beatrice.  The final understanding
dawns on Giovanni as he sees Beatrice "kill" flowers and flying insects and as he sees
his own flesh marked by the poison, as well.  If they ever had kissed, which they didn't do in
the story, it seems unlikely either would have poisoned the other. 

Compare and contrast The Lovely Bones book and movie.

While
is told from a deceased person's point of view, it is not a fantasy. The
film version devotes so much time to the fantastical elements of Susie's time in Heaven, that
much of the gritty reality of a family's coping with the brutal murder of their daughter/sister
is somewhat lost. I think that much of the fantasy feel of the movie came from Peter Jackson who
also directed/produced The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. The problem is
that Sebold's novel focuses most on the harsh splintering of the Salmon family because of
Susie's death--not on Susie's posthumous fantasy world. Much of what makes the novel such a
popular read is Sebold's portrayal of reality; in fact, if someone first reads Sebold's memoir
Lucky which chronicles her being raped and coping with the aftermath, much
of The Lovely Bones becomes even more real to the reader.

So, while critics of film versions of popular books often citeor event discrepancies as
reasons for not appreciating the movie version, The Lovely Bones is
different in that the filmmaker actually changes the book's focus and tone which to me is a more
significant alteration than leaving a couple events out here and there.

Do you think that health care should be human right or a privilege? why with some example to illustrate your answer.

I think there has to
be a way for us to provide universal health care without forcing Americans to pay insurance
companies.Americans don't want the government involved in their health care, but it doesn't seem
right to require them to pay outrageous prices to already bloated HMOs.]]>

Who is Joseph Stalin?

was published just
after World War II, and it is set in Oceania, a totalitarian state much like those seen in
Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. Big Brother is very much like Hitler, Mussolini, and
Stalin, the dictators of those countries. Stalin was known for his purges where he would round
up innocent people and murder them, much like Big Brother's "vaporization" of
Oceania's citizens. There is no doubt thatuses Stalin and his tyrranical practices as a model
for his novel.

How does Winston make use of the INGSOC idea of "the mutability of the past" as he deals with Comrade Withers and Comrade Ogilvy? The basic idea of...

The answer can
be found in Part I, Chapter 4 of :

In
the speech under review, Big Brother had referred to an organization called the FFCC, praised it
and singled out an official, Withers, for special commendation. Now
the organization no longer existed and Withers was an unperson.
No one usually knew what happened to those declared as unpersons, public executions or trials
of political offenders were spectacles which happened only once every two years or so. Usually
such people just disappeared.
Nowhad to rewrite Big Brothers speech without any
reference to FFCC or Withers. He decides to invent a totally new person as the subject of the
speech and names this imaginary character Comrade Oglivy. Of
course, Comrade Oglivy did not exist, but once Big Brothers speech
about him was placed in the newspapers with a couple of faked photographs his existence would
become indisputable fact. Winston writes the speech in which Big Brother pays glowing tribute to
the heroic life and glorious death of Comrade Oglivy who is held up
as an example for all citizens to follow.

The fate of
these two foreshadows what will happen to Winston and : by the end of the novel they too will
become unpersons.  The Party will falsify their past written records so that it appears--on
paper--that they never existed.

The "mutability of the past" shows
that the Party is a well-oiled machine of censorship and disinformation.  Since they control all
newspaper and language in the Ministry of Truth, the Outer Party and Proles believe their
propaganda.  Winston's job, after all, is to erase names and pictures of party dissidents.  The
Party's ability to change history and language enables them to torture and dis-inform, and it
strengthens their control over the masses, making it nearly impossible to organize and
rebel.

 

How do you cope with observed classes? I am terrrified, please help. I am a new teacher in my second year and our school is having a full inspection...

All these
aforementioned posts have very good tips. I have been both the observed and the observer, so
here's a few specific things you can do to ensure that your visitor sees good things:

-- Make sure your objective for the class is visibly posted.

-- Have
in place a followed agenda or schedule of class events that is your usual "routine:"
bellwork-->classwork, projects and discussion-->exit slip/bell-ringer-->homework seems
to be a fairly successful formula, but everybody's different.

-- Transition
fluidly from one part of your agenda to the next. Your class should seem "seamless" in
its approach.

-- If behavior issues arise, deal with them as you normally
would. Evaluators at our school usually look for a three-step process of some sort: non-verbal
warning (desk tap, hand signal, etc.) followed by a firm and semi-private verbal warning, and
then an appropriate consequence if the two previous warnings have not been followed.

There are other evaluation areas obviously (your knowledge of the content area, your
classroom environment, etc.), but these three above are big helpers to get you off on the right
foot.

What is a good thesis statement for "The Old Curiosity Shop"?

Two
possible thesis ideas relate to Dickens' authorial style and to his structural elements. In the
first instance, Dickens' frequently employs the repetition of a speech pattern or mannerism in .
A great example of this, though not from , is Uriah Heep's mannerisms (). Critics suggest that
this sort of repetition, as with the Single Gentleman's sudden actions, make the characters
"flat," or not realistically dimensional in presentation. In the second instance,
Dickens defies narrative structural convention in the resolution and has Little Nell and
Grandfather die virtually moments before their salvation. Thesis ideas from these two elements
might be something like one of the following:
(1) Dickens' characterization does/does
not [does or does not, writer's choice] flatten the character of the Single Gentleman [or what
character you choose].

(2) The resolution to The Old Curiosity Shop is
satisfying/unsatisfying [again, satisfying or unsatisfying, writer's
choice].

Flora Hernandez

In Chapter
14, most of Mr. Harvey's victims are introduced to Susie in the cornfield.  Here is the list of
the murders by year, name, location and details of the death.  This list will include both Susie
and the unnamed waitress (mentioned in Ch. 20) that are not included in the group of girls Susie
meets in Ch. 14.

1960: (Two murders)

• Sophie
  Cichetti- 49 years old. Killed in Pennsylvania.  She was his landlady.   After having a brief
  sexual moment with her, Harvey smashed her head when she started talking. Her body was dumped in
  a stream. 
• Leidia Johnson- 6 years old. Killed in Bucks County,
  Pennsylvania. Harvey dug out a cave from the hill and lay in wait. While the book does not give
  the specifics of her death, it was premeditated so it is safe to assume that it was also a
  sexual assault.

1963: (One murder)

• Flora Hernandez- 8 years old. Killed in Delaware.  She was not killed
  intentionally during the attack. She started screaming, and she was killed to silence her. Her
  body was dumped in a basement.

1967: (One murder)

• Jackie Meyer- 13 years old.  Killed in Delaware.  While the aspects of her
  death are not fully revealed, she was found next to an overturned chair, missing all of her
  clothes except for a striped t-shirt.  She died from an injury to her head where she bled out.
   

1969: (One murder)

• Leah Fox- 12
  years old.  Killed in Delaware.  She was sexually assaulted on a couch under a highway on ramp.
   After, Mr. Harvey fell asleep on top of her for ten hours.  She suffocated.  

 1971: (One murder)

• Wendy Richter- 13 years
  old.  Killed in Connecticut.  She was raped outside of a bar and strangled.  

1973: (One murder)

• Susie Salmon- 14 years old.
   Killed in Morrison, Pennsylvania.  She was raped and stabbed to death after being lured to the
  dugout in the cornfield.  

 Post Susie's murder but several years
before Mr. Harvey visits the shack in chapter twenty:

• Unnamed
  waitress- Unknown age.  Killed in Connecticut.  She was raped and murdered by Harvey. She was
  buried in a shack in the woods.  When Mr. Harvey visits, the grave has been dug up.  He falls
  asleep inside it.

How does Axel describe Iceland in Journey to the Center of the Earth?

Axel leaves
for Iceland on the 2nd of June on the Danish Schooner Valkyrie. On the 11th
of June, with sharks and whales circling the boat (page 46), he catches his first glimpse of the
Iceland coast, seeing the Portland Cape and behind it the famous ice cap
Myrdels-jokull.

48 hours later, the schooner stops at Faxa Bay and Axel
makes his way to Reykjavik. After being greeted by a few...

Could someone please explain this quote: "Who would be free themselves must strike the blow. Better even to die free than to live slaves"?

This quote is
from a speech that Douglass gave
in 1863. Basically, what Douglass is saying here is that, if
you want to be
free, you have to make yourself free.  You cannot wait for someone else to do
the
job for you.  This is because it is better to die trying to be free than
to live in
slavery.

This speech was given to try to
motivate blacks to participate in
the Civil War as soldiers.  Douglass was
arguing that they would not deserve their freedom if
they did not fight for
it.  This idea motivated blacks to fight, both in the Civil War and (not

militarily) later on.

This is the spirit that, for example, motivated
the
people who made up the civil rights movement.  They could have waited for
the white people to
decide that it was time to
give blacks their rights.  However, they
did not
do this.  Instead, they rose up and tried to take
the
rights that they deserved.  This is just what Douglass is advocating--if
you want to be free,
you have to make yourself free.

 

What is the moral lesson of the story "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" by Ernest Hemingway?

Each of
the three characters in "A Clean
Well-Lighted Place" byis in a different stage of
life: the young waiter, the
older waiter, and the old man. As in any work, several possible
themes
emerge; one of the prominent themes in this story is that we (mankind) will all
age
ourselves into despair and nothingness.

The young
waiter is impatient with
the old man who comes in to drink at this late-night
cafe will not leave because the waiter
wants to go home. He has no patience
with the old man who is deaf and old and tried to commit
suicide last week;
the old man is drinking too much and too slowly to suit the impatient young

waiter who just wants to go home. The young waiter thinks that happiness comes from
having money
and thinks the old man should have gone ahead and killed
himself. He says, "I wouldn't want
to be that old. An old man is a nasty
thing." The young man has reasons to live, for now,
and gives no
consideration to...

I would like to ask what is the conclusion of the story?

I would
like to add a little bit of Hemingway's personal background to help understand the unsettled,
and unsettling, conclusion, of "Hills."

Hemingway had to deal with
the problem of abortion when he was married to Hadley Richardson.David Wych explains in his 2002
article from "The Hemingway Review":

Before Hadley's second
pregnancy proved a false alarm, Sally Bird urged him to "[s]top acting like a damn fool and
crybaby" and offered him the obvious ultimatum: "Either you do something about not
having it, or you have it" (McAlmon 277). Reynolds, noting that "[t]hey all knew
abortions were available in Paris," nonetheless asserts that "a boy raised in Oak Park
did not easily accept that solution" (The Paris Years 219). Just how Hemingway did think of
abortion is reflected in letters he wrote to Pauline Pfeiffer in the fall of 1926, some eighteen
months prior to the completion of "Hills" when the lovers were expecting to remain
apart for one hundred days. The separation was imposed by Hadley, according to an agreement
under which she would grant Hemingway a divorce at the end of the prescribed period. To his
future wife he wrote, "when two people love each other terribly much and need each other in
every way and then go away from each other it works almost as bad as an abortion" (Lynn
363). With this statement, Hemingway set a precedent for using the termination of a pregnancy as
afor the pain of separation between lovers.

href="http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1">http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1

What are some differences and similarities between osteoporosis, rickets, and tetany?

Osteoporosis is a condition where your bones
get weaker over time. Bone tissue, the strongest of the tissue cells, naturally looks a bit like
a spider's web: it is densely compacted but has "holes" in the bone matrix. Over time,
bone tissue dissolves. For those with osteoporosis, the bone tissue dissolves faster than new
bone tissue is created, leading to brittle bones that are prone to breaking. Osteoporosis
usually impacts older adults.

Rickets, unlike osteoporosis impacts children.
It is the softening or weakening of the bones as a result of vitamin D deficiency. This is
different from osteoporosis as it occurs over time with a lack of vitamin D, impacting
development and growth. Without sufficient vitamin D, children who develop rickets can have
delayed growth and pain in the spine, pelvis, and/or legs (bones that grow or accumulate more
stress during the growing process).

Tetany differs from osteoporosis and
rickets as it impacts nerves and not bone tissue. Tetany, or overstimulated nerves, can cause
muscles to cramp or spasm, particularly in the extremities like the hands and feet, but can also
impact the throat and larynx.

One similarity between tetany and both
osteoporosis and tickets is that it can be caused by low calcium levels; for both osteoporosis
and rickets prevention, doctors suggest taking calcium supplements in addition to vitamin D
(which as previously mentioned helps prevent rickets in children).

What was Abbe Sieyes's view of the third estate?

Although
he was a member of the clergy and therefore a member of the First Estate, Abbe Siey¨s was a
true champion of the rights of the Third Estate. Since the segment of the Fench population
included all non-nobility and non-clergy, it consisted of about 98 percent of the total French
population at the time of the French Revolution. Despite this, the Third Estate had the fewest
rights and privileges and paid the heaviest burden in terms of taxes and labor.

Abbe Siey¨s saw the Third Estate as the truest representation of the French
population. An avid student of the Enlightenment, Siey¨s was greatly influenced by the works of
such philosophers as John Locke and Turgot. This influence caused him to rethink the way that
governments should represent the will of the people. Because, as he put it, the Third Estate was
"everything" they deserved to have a government in which they played the biggest role
and had their fair share of rights and privileges.

In 1789, Siey¨s penned
his famous...

href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/MOD/sieyes.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/MOD/sieyes.asp

Who has more power in the British government, the Queen or the Prime Minister?

In the
Constitutional system as it has evolved over the centuries, the monarch has come to have no
actual "power." The Queen now (or King when there is one in future) is the head of
state, but this is a symbolic role and carries no governing authority with it. The Prime
Minister, as head of government, is of course free to consult with the Queen, but the latter
explicitly is not permitted to have a direct role in government. The monarch, however, is the
head of the Church of England as well as head of state.

Note the difference
between the Parliamentary system that operates under the British Constitution and the division
of power prescribed in the US Constitution. In the US, the President is head of state, but the
government is spread over three branches of which the President is the executive, Congress the
legislative, and the Supreme Court the judicial. In Great Britain the elected party, of which
the Prime Minister is the head, holds the power of government in its Parliamentary majority. But
because the UK, like the US, is a democracy, there is always an Opposition in Parliament so that
all political parties of whatever orientation can be represented in the legislature, just as the
minority party holds seats in the US Congress.

Why although they know it is dangerous do they rent the room above Mr. Carrington's shop?

This
question depends a lot on how you decide to interpret the characters ofandand what you believe
their motivations to be. When Julia writes that she loves Winston, does she really mean love the
way many of us might think of it in our comparatively free, democratic society? Is her note just
a line that lures Winston in to start the liaison she craves as part of an act of defiance? Or
does she suspect he doesn't entirely believe the party-line, and so finds herself drawn to him
because she thinks he might be one of her few allies among the brainwashed massesone of the few
people she could truly love?

Of their lovemaking,writes: "Their embrace
had been a battle, thea victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political
act." In short, it seems that Winston and Julia risk everything in part for love, and in
part for rebellion; their meetings bring them together and help them express how they truly
feel, both about each other and about the totalitarian regime that controls Oceania. It also
serves to reinforce their hope in the face of insurmountable obstacles (a common theme in
Orwell's work) as they plan to join the Brotherhood, the secret underground resistance
network.

Unfortunately, their fears about getting caught turn out to be
well-justified. The shopkeeper, Mr. Charrington, is a member of the Thought Police and betrays
them, after which they betray each other during torture.

In three to five sentences, explain how Ambrose Bierce's use of foreshadowing or flashback influence "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge."

This
is perhaps Bierce's most well known Civil
War story, in part because because of a "Twilight
Zone" production of it in
the late 1950s or early 1960s, and it has remained popular for
its surprising
ending.

As your question indicates, Bierce uses several

instances ofbut so skilfully directs the reader's expectations throughout the story that
we can
only understand the elements of foreshadowing in hindsight.

For example, when
we are introduced to Peyton Farquhar, he is in the
last few minutes of his life as he waits for
the support to be kicked out
from under his feet so that the hanging can take place.  The first
element of
foreshadowing occurs here when Farquhar imagines freeing himself from he
rope,
falling into the river, and making his way home.  The reader, of
course, puts this down to
wishful thinking.

As Bierce
jumps to the recent past in which Farquhar, at
his home, has a conversation
about the bridge and the Federal troops with a Conferderate soldier
(who
turns...

Physical Environment

The physical
environment of the classroom is talking about the way a classroom is set up.  Some of the key
elements are accessibility, visibility, and distractability.

The materials in
the room should be accessible to the students as needed.  The students should know where
supplies are and be able to access them.  Also, part of having an accessible environment is
having the furniture arranged so that the teacher and students can easily move about the
classroom.  The teacher should be able to easily access all students in order to solve a
discipline problem or help with an assignment.

Visibility refers to the
students' ability to see the teacher, board, projections screen, etc.  When arranging the desks,
the teacher should sit in the desks to ensure that students will be able to see.  Also, the
teacher should be able  to see the students at all times.  Students shouldn't be hidden behind a
bookcase or filing cabinet.  During small group instruction, the teacher should be positioned so
that he or she can see all the students.

Distractability refers to the
inherent distractions of a classroom.  Things such as pencil sharpeners, windows, doors, trash
cans, etc. can cause distractions to some students.  The teacher should take into account the
individual students when creating a seating arrangement in order to accommodate for students who
may become distracted.

How does Gieve Patel show his concern to the environment through his poem "On Killing a Tree"?

His poem
reflects the intense and thorough process that one has to go through to kill a tree.  The
overall message might be that if it is so difficult to kill a tree, should it even be done? 
Even though the main body of the poem is dedicated to killing a tree, if you look closely at
some of the words and descriptions, you can see Patel's reverence for trees.  For example, he
describes how a tree grows, and that

"It has
grown
Slowly consuming the earth,
Rising out of it, feeding
Upon
its crust, absorbing
Years of sunlight, air, water,
And out of its leprous
hide
Sprouting leaves."

This passage shows
a reverence for the tenacity of a tree, and that it can "sprout leaves" out of the
dirt of the earth's crust.  It, against all odds, has risen and become strong.  This description
shows how Patel respects nature, and is in awe of the miraculous process by which it grows. 
Later, he describes the core of the tree as

"The
source, white and wet, /The most sensitive, hidden/For years inside the earth,"

again showing admiration for the source of the life of the
tree.

If you also look at how Patel goes to great lengths to describe the
elaborate process of killing a tree, he seems to be exaggerating, and listing all of the details
to point out how absurd it is to kill something so alive and rooted in nature.  He seems to be
against the process.  At the beginning, he indicates how one might kill a human, with a
"simple jab of the knife," but to kill a tree, it's this long, drawn-out process.  It
takes a lot more intent, purpose, and commitment, and that seems a bit wrong.

I hope that those thoughts help a bit; good luck!

Differentiate between job analysis and job design in human resource management.

Job
analysis refers to a detailed examination of a given job with the purpose of understanding its
features. Through it, the duties and responsibilities of the position it provides can be
defined. It has two components: job description and job specification.

A job
description contains information on the breadth of job activities and employee responsibilities
within the organization. It also defines the internal position or level of the job. Through it,
the employee is made aware of the activities that he or she should perform in order to meet the
job requirements. As such, it focuses on the job...

• 
  href="https://uni.edu/~schragec/present%2010.pdf">https://uni.edu/~schragec/present%2010.pdf
  href="https://www.slideshare.net/AnkitaVarma1/job-analysis-job-design-job-evaluation">https://www.slideshare.net/AnkitaVarma1/job-analysis-job-...

When George first sees the body of Curleys wife he says, "I should of knew...I guess maybe way back in my head I did." What does he mean by this,...

In ,
Candy callsinto the barn to witness Curley's wife's lifeless body lying on the ground. While
George is looking at the body, Candy asks who killed her, and George responds by
saying,

I should of knew...I guess maybe way back in my
head I did.

George understands 's propensity for
unintentional violence and has known, in the back of his mind, that Lennie might end up making a
catastrophic mistake that would jeopardize their future.

Before George and
Lennie arrive at the ranch in Soledad, George warns Lennie about causing problems and getting
into trouble like he did in the past. In the first chapter of the novella, George tells
Lennie,

An' you ain't gonna do no bad things like you done
in Weed, neither.

Later on, the audience learns that
Lennie accidentally grabbed ahold of a woman's dress in Weed and would not let go when she began
to panic. George and Lennie were forced to flee the ranch and spend the night in an irrigation
ditch to avoid authorities. In , George also tells his close friend,

Well, look. Lennieif you jus' happen to get in trouble like you
always done before, I want you to come right here an' hide in the brush.

George's advice and plan for Lennie to hide out reveal that he has
been preparing for something to go wrong. Their previous experience in Weed has left an
impression on George, and he understands that Lennie is capable of jeopardizing their future.
Once George discovers Curley's wife's lifeless body, he realizes that he knew it was only a
matter of time before Lennie ruined everything. George also understands that he will never
fulfill his dream of owning an estate and living off the land. After discovering the body,
George travels to the hideout and kills Lennie out of mercy to prevent Curley's band from
torturing him.

How does Truman Capote employ literary devices to tell his story and to create a "style" in In Cold Blood? Literary devices such as foreshadowing,...

In craftingIn Cold
Blood, Capote employs many tools of the novelist, shaping his non- work almost as if it were a
novel.

is used effectively and repeatedly throughout the book. Capote's
narration often presents information that suggests a knowledge of events which will take place
after the story has ended. The death of Dick Hickock's father is one example of this kind of
narrative omnipotence. 

Also, the narration employs foreshadowing to build
anticipation. This occurs when the deaths of the Clutter family are predicted with lines like
the one that describes Mr. Clutter being "unaware that his would be his last day
alive" (paraphrasing here). 

Flashback is also a tool used throughout
the book. Often these flashbacks are accompanied by a source material (letters, etc.) which are
written in a different voice than the rest of the narrative. 

The inclusion
of correspondence and journal entries can also be considered a literary element here employed by
Capote to create a style which is personal and factual with an emphasis on the personal aspects
of the narrative.

Extended quotations are also very important to the text
of , with Hickcock and Smith characterized largely through their own words. 

Finally, symbolism is another significant literary device used in the book. Perry's
painting of Christ and the big yellow bird from his recurring dream are primary examples of
symbolism from In Cold Blood.

Hamlet's soliloquies dominate the play, does this remove it from Aristotle's version of Tragedy, since it is not through action? The question...

We must not
oversimplify what Aristotle meant by action.  Soliloquies are action inside the characters
mind, since they are decision-making processes, turning points inside the...

What are the climax and resolution of Lord of the Flies?

Thecan be
defined in two ways. First, it can be the turning point in the action where the conflict begins
to resolve itself, either positively or negatively. Second, it can be the high point of the
action, the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The shattering of
the conch and the death of is the event that meets both definitions in
. Up until the point where Piggy dies,still believes he can reason with ,
that there is a hope of re-establishing order and civilization on the island. He has come to
Jack's base to "call an assembly" and to confront Jack about stealing Piggy's glasses.
When the conch, the symbol of rules, authority, and civilization, smashes to bits, every hope
Ralph has had is demolished as well. Without Piggy's assistance, Jack is significantly weakened;
he has been having cloudy thinking, and Piggy has had to remind him several times of the goal of
fire and rescue. Certainly this event is the high point of the action. It even occurs at the
high point of the island. The tension of the near-blind Piggy clinging frantically to the rock
ledge whilepummels him with rocks is nail-biting. When he falls to his death, it's all downhill
(literally and figuratively) from there.get captured, leaving Ralph on his own to run and hide
for survival, which seems unlikely with the fire raging across the island. 

The resolution of the conflict occurs when the naval captain appears on the beach and
talks to first Ralph and the other boys. His remark that "I should have thought that a pack
of British boys . . . would have been able to put up a better show than that" drives home
the resolution of the conflict. Ralph has been unable to maintain civilized society on the
island; order has failed, chaos has triumphed. Golding spares us
the horror of the natural end the conflict would have produced by having the boys
"rescued" just in time. Yet we also know that the outside world itself is wracked with
nuclear war, so the boys' rescue is ironic, and the resolution of the triumph of
savagery over civilization stands. 

How is the title The Lovely Bones significant to the meaning of this book?

In the
novel , the title has various implications as the reader explores the
story. At first sight, the title suggests bones as a literal part of a skeleton. Before even
reading the book, the title entices the reader to want to understand why, and how, the bones are
lovely.

As it quickly becomes clear that Susie has died, the reader
interprets the bones to belong to Susie. The description of the bones as "lovely"
could refer to the fact that Susie was young and presumably innocent, and young women are often
described as lovely. While the bones begin to lead the authorities toward her killer, they are
also lovely in the way that they begin to solve her crime.

Later in the book,
Susie suggests that the bones are pieces of the puzzle that eventually piece together to tell
the story of her life and death.

The events my death
brought were merely the bones of a body that would become whole at some unpredictable time in
the future.

For You A Thousand Times Over

There is
also a class and ethic dynamic in  that I believe is reflected in the use
of this statement, first by Hassan to Amir and then later by Amir to Sohrab.  Amir and Hassan
are not from the same class or ethnic group, and this difference is central to the plot and
themes.  

Amir is a Pashtun, and Hassan is a Hazara.  The Pashtuns are the
ruling class in Afghanistan, and it is clear that the Hazaras are a lower class and ethic group,
historically treated quite poorly, and also shown as treated quite poorly in the setting of the
novel. Hassan and his father Ali are servants in the household of Baba and Amir, and while Amir
and Hassan are raised together, there is a clear line in Amir's mind of their differences.  Amir
notes,

But in none of his stories did Baba ever refer to
Ali as his friend. ... I never thought of Hassan and me as friends either (25).

Amir looks down upon Hassan, and the relationship is such that
Hassan saying "For you, a thousand times over" is really what Amir expects from
Hassan, because he perceives him to be an inferior servant.  He really does not see that Hassan
is a true friend and is saying this out of love, not out of duty as a servant.  

On his long journey of learning and repentance, as Amir finds himself and his father
looked down upon in the new land, the shoe is on the other foot. They are subject to small,
daily humiliations in the United States, for example, Baba's humiliation at collecting any kind
of benefits and Amir's concern about not being quite good enough to wed Soraya, whose father is
a general. Amir begins to understand what it feels like to be regarded as inferior.  By the time
he rescues Sohrab and says to him, "For you, a thousand times over," this is meant to
represent not only his repentance for what he had done to Sohrab's father, but also his
understanding that we must all be servants to one another and that class and ethnicity should
play no part in our willingness to do so. He is saying this out of love and friendship, as
Hassan had said it to him. 

So, while there is no question that the use of
this declaration represents Amir's repentance for all he has done wrong to Hassan (and Ali), I
do think that the class and ethnic tension are part of the meaning behind its use,
too.

 

What themes of Oedipus Rex do the two little girls at the end of the play reinforce?

and Ismene
are certainly visible proof of the themes of "Knowledge and Ignorance" and
"Choices and Consequences." For, by demanding to know the
truth,comes vis- -vis with the living consequences of his choice to kill
Laius and later marryand is made to acknowledge his terrible sins of refusing the truth and
pride. Nevertheless, all the consequences are not negative since the...

What are the types of literary devices in Catching Fire?

, the
author of , uses many literary devices in her Hunger Games
series. One main literary device used is symbolism.

Katniss
Everdeen, the mainin the novels, is herself a symbol. Katniss is a symbol of rebellion and
government defiance. When people of Panem watch the games at the end of ,
Katniss and Peeta plan to commit suicide together and end the games. When the games are stopped
and two victors are declared, Katniss becomes the spark to rebellion.

Another
symbol in this story is thepin Katniss wears. This pin represents many things. To Katniss, this
pin represents her friend Rue. Rue and Katniss used mockingjays to communicate before Rue was
killed. To the people of Panem, the mockingjay is a symbol of the rebellion against the Capitol,
because it is associated with Katniss and she herself is a symbol of the rebellion.

A second type of literary device used in the story is an. An allusion makes an indirect
reference to...

Animal Farm: How does the rebellion in the Manor Farm eventually take place?

The animals
gather at night to talk and dream of a rebellion against Farmer Jones, but when the revolt
comes, it is unplanned. It is a response to the straw that broke the camel's back, meaning that
the animals finally get fed up and rebel. 

The background is as follows.
Farmer Jones develops a drinking problem after losing a lawsuit. Both he and his men neglect the
farm and the animals. One Midsummer's Eve, Farmer Jones goes and gets drunk at the Red Lion.
Instead of caring for the animals, he comes home and falls asleep. The animals go so long
without being fed and get so hungry that they break into the grain stores. At this moment,
Farmer Jones wakes up. He and his men go after the animals, trying to drive them away from the
grain with whips. Finally, the animals simply can't take the abuse anymore.

This was more than the hungry animals could...

What is the imagery in A Streetcar Named Desire?

One of the central
images that governs this brilliant play is that of the moth. This is a creature that Blanche is
compared to explicitly in the stage directions as she first enters the play in Act One, and the
references continue throughout the play. In a sense, this piece ofis particularly apt for
Blanche in many ways. Not only is she soft, delicate and vulnerable, but she has a tendency to
play with fire and be drawn to it, even when it hastens her own demise.

An
excellent example of this is of course in Act 5, when we see the way in which Blanche, after
protesting about the "epic fornications" of her ancestors in Act 2, shows the way that
she herself is unable to conduct herself appropriately in a sexual fashion when she begins to
flirt with the Young Man and kisses him whilst waiting for Mitch to appear for her first date.
The juxtaposition of these two events shows the way that Blanche, just like a moth, is drawn to
the flame that will eventually burn her up.

Discuss the way the reader's sympathies are shaped in the play, Walsh, by Sharon Pollock.

In Walsh by , our sympathies are shaped by James Walsh's
dilemmashis attempts to align his ethics with the demands of his career;
his interactions with Sitting Bull; his realization that his government is unjust; and, the
devastating knowledge that he can do nothing to save the Sioux chief (who has become his friend)
or his people.

When Walsh enters, he finds farming equipment sent by the
government for the Indians. He is disgusted for he knows these people better than his
superiors:

Indians are not, and will never be,
farmers!

Walsh is responsible for all living in his
territory, and he is frustrated that nothing useful is being sent. We learn that Walsh is an
intelligent, caring man. Much different than the person of General Custer, described in the,
Walsh shows himself to be a man of fair-mindedness. When Mrs. Anderson and Crow Eagle enter,
Mrs. Anderson represents the prevailing attitude of whites with regard to the Indians. Crow
Eagle has taken Mrs. Anderson's...

According to the sermon, which people are spared God's wrath?

According to
Edwards, those who are spared the
wrath of God are the converted. Edwards describes these people
as

the holy and happy children of the King of

kings.

They are the fortunate individuals who
have
accepted Christ as lord and, therefore, have received
salvation.

Edwards's
sermon is aimed squarely at the
unconverted, whom he names five times. The unconverted man,
Edwards says,
rightfully belongs in hell and walks over the rotted boards of the pit of
hell,
liable at any moment to fall into its flaming fires. He hopes to show
the unconverted the
immense danger they are in, with the lake of brimstone
very close. He says to these
people,

There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of
the wrath of God;
there is hell's wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon,

nor anything between you and hell but the air.

He
also
informs the unconverted that they will be tortured in front of the holy
angels of heaven and in
front of Jesus, the lamb of God, so that the might
and wrath of God might be on full display.
Edwards also tells the unconverted
that they are the children of the devil and that God is angry
with them day
and night.

The converted need to fear none of this, as they
are
protected and beloved by God. The choice that Edwards offers his
listeners is stark, with
absolutely no middle ground: either you are in the
good graces of God through accepting Christ,
or you are on the brink of
never-ending punishment, torture, and suffering.

How do Napoleon's actions of manipulating the commandments for his own benefit affect the animals in terms of control? So, does Napoleon, by changing...

's
actions are a systematic and insidious method of, firstly, claiming and establishing greater
privileges and authority for the pigs and, secondly, using such authority to exert power and
control over the other animals. It is a gradual process of propaganda in which the animals are
consistently made to realize, and later accept, that the pigs are better than them and therefore
have the right to claim these privileges and exert their influence.

The
process begins with simple enough changes to the commandments such as altering "No animal
shall sleep in a bed" to "No animal shall sleep in a bed with
sheets." When the animals need an explanation, it is quite easy forto
clarify the necessity for the pigs to sleep well. They are the brain workers, and if they don't
get adequate rest, they will not be able to perform their tasks well. If they cannot do their
work properly, Jones will come back, and, clearly, no one wants that to happen.

The process is repeated whenever a commandment is altered. Initially, the general
animal public is not much affected by the changes in a direct sense. It is merely a matter of
the pigs being more privileged than they are. Since the animals are of limited intellect and
cannot remember the original commandments, it becomes easy to accept the changes. The animals
are, however, deeply shocked and dismayed when, in , Napoleon uses his vicious dogs to slaughter
those he believes have been consorting with the so-called traitor Snowball and were betraying
the cause.

By this time, so many of the commandments have been changed, and
the pigs have assumed so much authority, that their supervision and control is unquestionable.
In this instance, though, many of the animals remember that the sixth commandment states that
"No animal shall kill any other animal." When Clover asks Muriel to read the
commandment to her, it mentions: "No animal shall kill any other animal
without cause." This is enough to convince the animals that
the rule has not been broken, because they cannot remember that the last two words weren't
always part of the commandment.

But they saw now that the
Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors
who had leagued themselves with Snowball.

It is at this
stage that Napoleon assumes even greater power and control. He is referred to as "our
Leader, Comrade Napoleon" and given titles such as "Father of All Animals, Terror of
Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings Friend, and the like." He is given credit
for everything good that happens on the farm and is praised for his generosity. He has achieved
the status of a demi-god when he has, in fact, become a dictator.

The pigs
continue to exercise human habits, somethingwarned against, and when they use money from the
sale of timber to buy alcohol, the fifth commandment is adjusted from "No animal shall
drink alcohol" to "No animal shall drink alcohol to
excess." Once again, the animals seem to have forgotten the last two
words. 

In the final chapter, the pigs' total dominance achieves its apex.
They start walking on their hind legs. Napoleon appears walking majestically upright, carrying a
whip in his right trotter. The animals want to protest, but the sheep start repeatedly bleating,
"Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" Finally, to prove that their subjugation and the
process of domination by the pigs is complete, all the commandments are replaced by a single,
paradoxical rule which reads:

ALL ANIMALS ARE
EQUAL
BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS