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Durkheim was a French sociologist who was attempting to situate suicide in cultural and social
context rather than understanding it primarily as an individual psychological phenomenon. He
articulates this understanding in his 1897 book Suicide (Le
suicide). He distinguishes four types of suicides, all of which he sees as ultimately
rooted in social forces and especially in deficits in social integration:
- Egoistic suicide: This type of suicide is rooted in a sense of
separation or alienation from a social group. This motivation explains why single people are
more likely to commit suicide than married ones and how social isolation can lead to suicide in
the elderly. - Altruistic suicide: Durkheim sees this
as parallel to military service in which people might sacrifice themselves to help society as a
whole. This might include the Japanese tradition of Seppuku or the Buddhist practice of
self-immolation as a form of social protest or someone in an emergency offering a place on a...
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