Evaluate the upper and lower sums for f(x) = 2 + sinx with n=2 I've got the upper as 7.85 but i cant figure out how to do the lower sum... upsum =...

It appears
that you are trying to estimate the area under the curve y=2+sin(x) from 0 to class="AM">`pi` :

(1)Upper sum with n=2: The width
of the rectangles is `Delta x=pi/2` . The height
of the rectangles is the maximum the function takes on the intervals -- in both cases the
maximum occurs at `x=pi/2` .

So
the upper sum is class="AM">`(2+sin(pi/2))pi/2+(2+sin(pi/2))pi/2=3pi~~9.42`

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style="width: 300px; height: 200px; vertical-align: middle; float: none;"
type="image/svg+xml">

(2) The lower sum with n=2 : again
`Delta x=pi/2` . Now we take the lowest value the
function takes on each interval; in both cases that is 2.

Lower sum is
`(2+sin(0))pi/2+(2+sin(pi))pi/2=2pi~~6.28`

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sscr="-.785,3.93,-1,4,1.57,1,1,1.57,1,300,200,func,2+sin(x),null,0,0,black,1,none,func,100x,null,0,0,0,.01,black,1,none,func,100x,null,0,0,0,.02,black,2,none,func,2,null,0,0,0,3.142,black,2,none,func,100(x-3.142),null,0,0,3.1415,3.162,black,2,none,func,100(x-1.571),null,0,0,1.571,1.591,black,2,none"
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type="image/svg+xml">

The average of the upper and lower
sums is approximately 7.85.

The actual value is approximately 8.2831853. (The
value is exactly `2+2pi` )

In Of Mice and Men, how does Candy deal with being the loneliest character in the book?

Whether Candy
is the loneliest man in the narrative ofis debatable as many interpret Crooks as the character
who is separated from others and is the most alienated. However, because Candy is handicapped
and old, and he loses his beloved dog, he certainly feels very much alone.

Here are some reasons that Candy is very lonely:

• Candy
  is marginalized as he remains behind when all the other men go out into the fields to
  work.
• He fears saying anything that might anger others. When he returns to
  the bunkhouse after the boss talks withandin , for example, Candy is quick to say that he was
  not listening in on the conversation:

"I
didn't hear nothing you guys was sayin'. I ain't interested in nothing you was sayin". A
guy on a ranch don't never listen nor he don't ast no questions."

• In his loneliness, he tries to ingratiate himself to
  Lennie and George, telling them the boss is "a nice fella...You got to take him
  right."
• Candy tries to be friendly and inform...
  
  

Why does Okeke have trouble sleeping at the end of the story?

Okeke has trouble sleeping at
the end of the story because he's in a state of emotional turmoil:

"That night he hardly slept, from remorseand a vague fear that
he might die without making it up to them."

He has
just received the letter from his daughter-in-law, Nene, in which she begged Okeke to
reestablish his relationship with his son, Nnaemeka (Nene's husband), and to meet Okeke's two
grandsons for the first time.

Okeke has spent the past eight years in
bitterness, refusing to see Nnaemeka, because of his marriage that Okeke doesn't approve of.
Now, Okeke is a grandfather who has never met his grandchildren. Despite the cruel words and
harsh silence Okeke has always extended to Nene, she has reached out to him with warmth,
kindness, and respect, via the letter, and offered him one last chance to connect with Nnaemeka
and the young boys.

So you can understand how Okeke feels
"the resolution he had built up over so many years falling in," meaning that his harsh
feelings toward his son are starting to crumble. He tries to "steel his heart" and
avoid thinking about the grandchildren, and he tries to distract himself by humming a religious
hymn, but he can't help visualizing the grandchildren and thinking about how he has essentially
abandoned them since birth.

In sum, guilt, worry, and the sad
realization that he must change are the feelings that are keeping Okeke up that
night.

Tom Parsons, Syme, Katherine Jones Aaronson and the Rutherford trio- Explain who they are in 1984 and why they are important in Winston's world....

These
individuals are other characters in the novel and represent something other than themselves to
.

Tom Parsons--represents the perfect Party member.  Tom is always active in
the community hikes, and is the epitome of the Party.  He is turned in by his daughter for
thoughtcrime.  If Tom Parsons isn't safe, no one is.

Syme--the man who is
reponsible for developing the Newspeak Dictionary.  He is very proud of his work, and talks
widely about it.  Winston decides early on the book that Syme will be vaporized since he is so
outspoken about the progress of the language and his pride in his intellect.  Syme is vaporized
which justifies Winston's own intellect and ability to recognize those who are not good Party
members.

Katherine--Winston's wife.  She is wooden and unfeeling...especially
during sex.  She represents the good Party girl who follows the rules to the "T".  She
and Winston are separated since the marriage is a failure--they have failed to produce offspring
for the Party.

The Trio--are the ones who defied the Party and lived to tell
about it in the Chestnut Tree with their bottomless glasses of Victory Gin.  They are innocent,
as Winston has discovered, but no proof can be offered.  They are killed in the name of the
Party, and later in the book, Winston ends up in their shoes.

In Gulliver's Travels, what in the king of Brobdingnag's criticism makes you think that Swift was satirizing his own society?

Gulliver thinks that
the king of Brobdingnag is pretty simple; he does not really understand the way the world works.
 Gulliver says, 

[The king] wondered to hear me talk of
such chargeable and extensive Wars; that, certainly we must be a quarrelsome People, or live
among very bad Neighbours [....].  Above all, he was amazed to hear me talk of a mercenary
standing Army in the Midst of Peace, and among a free People.  He said, if we were governed by
our own Consent in the Persons of our Representatives, he could not imagine of whom we were
afraid, or against whom...

Analyze the parade of religious leaders in "Young Goodman Brown."

The first spiritual
leader Goodman Brown sees in the woods is Goodwife Cloyse, an old and pious woman who taught him
his catechism along with the minister and deacon of Salem.  Brown assumes that she has some
godly purpose for being in the woods so late at night, and he wishes to avoid being seen by
her.  However, when the devil approaches her, she recognizes him immediately and converses with
him as a friend.  Brown is shocked.

Later, feeling guilty...

In Robinson Crusoe, the narrator's family falls into which social class?

In , the narrator's
family falls into the middle class. This is evidently a matter of some importance to his father,
who opposes the narrator's plan of going to sea on the basis that such a course must be either
above or below him.

He told me it was men of desperate
fortunes on one hand, or of aspiring, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon
adventures, to rise by enterprise, and make themselves famous in undertakings of a nature out of
the common road; that these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that
mine was the middle state...

The narrator's father tells
him that the middle class is the easiest and most enviable station to which one can belong,
since he is neither burdened with the hardships of the poor nor a prey to the pride and ambition
of the great. He also points out that both kings and paupers often lament their state and it is
to the middle class that both aspire. A middle class life, he tells his son, is not only the
most comfortable and enjoyable type of existence, but also the most conducive to virtue. He
concludes by insisting that "temperance, moderation, quietness, health, society, all
agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, were the blessings attending the middle
station of life."

What is a major conflict and resolution in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone?

Harry tries to prevent Quirrell from stealing the Sorcerers Stone, and he
uses the Mirror of Erised to do it.

One of the major conflicts
in this first book of the series is a character vs. character conflict between Harry and
Quirrell. A character vs. character conflict is one in which a character has a struggle between
an opposing force represented as another character. A conflict is resolved when the source of
the initial conflict has been dealt with in some way.  The resolution of the conflict was that
Harry defeated Quirrell when Quirrell could not find the Sorcerer's Stone.

Harry Potter is a wizard who attends a special school for wizards. He is convinced that
one of his teachers is trying to kill him. He is correct about that, partially. Unfortunately,
for most of his first year he is focused on the wrong one and the wrong reason. 

Harry discovers that the school is hiding a special jewel called the Sorcerers Stone,
made by an alchemist named Nicholas Flamel, which will...

How might materialism affect theme in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe?

The
Webster-Merriam dictionary defines materialism as "a preoccupation with...material rather
than intellectual or spiritual things."

As the story begins, we find
that Crusoe is an impulsive young man, not intellectually or spiritually centered.  Crusoe's
father is rich enough to provide for his family, as well as to educate his son so that he might
be a lawyer one day. "Things" come easily to Robinson, and as is the case with so many
of us, he has no concept of what is truly valuable until he has
nothing.

Crusoe feels driven to go to sea.  Although everyone he knows tries
to deter him, he will not be stopped. So Crusoe goes to sea. He barely survives the ship's
destruction in a storm--but once he reaches land, even though advised again not to, Crusoe
cannot resist the siren call of the sea.

This trip is
also a disaster: the ship is captured by pirates.  Crusoe is enslaved for
two years.  When he escapes, he eventually buys a plantation and is very successful.

One example of Crusoe's...

Find the direct statment in which Edwards sets forth the purpose of his sermon.

I know it
is a bit on the simplistic side, but I think the title sets forth Edwards' purpose in a fairly
succinct and direct manner.  The idea that at this particular moment, the force of the divine is
disappointed and filled with wrath towards human beings is something conveyed in the title.  The
idea that human action has caused this state of affairs and there has to be a sense of atonement
is also conveyed in the title.  The notion that all of the Colonists are "sinners in the
hands of an angry god" help to bring to light Edwards' belief that the embrace of
materialism and economic notions of the good at the hands of spiritual pursuits is fairly well
brought out with the title of his work.  Certainly, there are images- the bow of god's anger is
bent and aimed at all humanity- that Edwards employs, but they all arise from this particular
title and point which apparently was crying to be made.

In "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," what does Jonathan Edwards say sinners must obtain, and what must sinners do to obtain it?

Edwards suggests that
the unregenerate must be spiritually reborn or else God will take no pity on them, will feel no
compassion for them, but will only deliver the wrath that "Justice requires" him to.
Without such a spiritual rebirth, God will not only hate these individuals, but he will hold
them in the highest contempt, and they will suffer terribly under God's fierceness for all
eternity. It does not matter if a person is "moral and strict, sober and religious";
if they are unconverted, then they will suffer. He says,

And now you have an extraordinary Opportunity, a Day wherein Christ has flung the Door of Mercy
wide open, and stands in the Door calling and crying with a loud Voice to poor Sinners; a Day
wherein many are flocking to him, and pressing into the Kingdom of God; [...] many that were
very lately in the same miserable Condition that you are in, are in now an happy State, with
their Hearts filled with Love to Him that has loved them and washed them for their Sins in
his...

Was the attack on Pearl Harbor "just?"

The attack on
Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack on the US naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.  Japan's
primary reason for attacking the US was to strike at US naval power so Japan could continue its
expansion to areas throughout the Pacific, such as the Philippines, Guam, and Midway.  In order
to throw the US off, the attack on Pearl Harbor was necessary.  The US also had cut off valuable
oil supply to the island nation, which damaged their war efforts.  

You could
argue that Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor was unjust because at the time of the attack the US
was in the process of peace negotiations with Japan.  The attack came without warning on a
Sunday morning.  

What is the conflict in A Wrinkle in Time?

The basic
conflict in this novel is good versus evil, with evil manifested as mindless conformity and good
as individualistic thinking, love, loyalty, and free will.

The planet
Camazotz is completely shrouded in darkness, which means it has been overtaken by evil.
Unfortunately, Mr. Murry is being held prisoner on this planet. His children Meg and and Charles
Wallace, along with their friend Calvin, have to go to Camazotz to free him without having their
minds taken over and controlled by IT, the machine that runs the planet with factory precision.
Resisting IT is a difficult proposition.

The...

How could you apply a Foucauldian notion of madness in A Streetcar Named Desire and The Glass Menagerie?

We cannot
answer the question as two separate questions, but there is a general way to approach this
answer which works well:

Foucald was a pioneer philosopher partial to
behaviorism, and he basically proposes that madness is proportional to people, culture, space,
and moment. Depending on the moment, the culture, and the personal space, madness will manifest
itself, and sometimes...

Why did Mary Shelley include Percy Shelly's poem in volume 2, chapter2?

included the
poem Mutability by Percy Bysshe Shelley (her husband) because the central
theme of the poem is intrinsically connected with the fate of. 

We rest; a
dream has power to poison sleep.
   We rise; one wand'ring thought pollutes the
day.
We feel, conceive, or reason; laugh, or weep,
   Embrace fond woe, or
cast our cares away;
It is the same: for, be it joy or sorrow,
   The path of
its departure still is free.
Man's yesterday may ne'er be like his
morrow;
   Nought may endure but mutability!

Mutability is the
essence of life: It is the combination of all the elements and circumstances which directly
affect our destinies and change our lives forever.  At first glance the poem does not seem to
fit in the narrative at that specific point in the story. Yet, if we analyze the message of the
poem, we realize that mutability has indeed been ever-present in the story.

From the very beginning we see that something big will happen to Victor and that it may
not necessarily be something good. His hunger for learning, his obsession with the idea of
creating life, and his intensity of character can help us predict that a huge change is in the
horizon for him. Hence, mutability is the source of that change which not only affected Victor,
but also Elizabeth, Henry, , and Justine.

Compare and contrast the characters of Walter and Beneatha in A Raisin in the Sun.

andYounger are both ambitious dreamers throughout the play and have different ideas of how to
spend their mother's insurance money. Both siblings are unique, charismatic, and capricious.
Walter experiences highs and lows throughout the play, while Beneatha continually switches her
hobbies and cannot determine which boy she wants to date. Both siblings have high aspirations
and wish to become successful individuals. Walter believes that he can solve the family's
financial problems by investing 's money into a liquor business, while Beneatha challenges
society's expectations in hopes of becoming a doctor. Walter and Beneatha are both relatively
selfish individuals, who dismiss Lena's goals of moving the family out of their tiny apartment
in favor of their personal dreams.

Despite their many similarities, Walter
and Beneatha have different personalities and abilities. Walter is a controlling, ignorant man,
who values traditional roles for women. In contrast, Beneatha is an...

How did Rome's republic differ from Greek democracy? How were they similar?

If we specify the golden age of Athenian democracy, which lasted for most of the fifth
century BCE, and the Roman Republic, which lasted from the expulsion of King Tarquin in 509 BCE
to the establishment of the empire by Augustus in 27 BCE, the first point to make is that the
Roman Republic lasted for five times as long as the Athenian democracy and changed significantly
during that time. In 509 BCE, Rome was essentially a city-state like Athens. By the end of the
Republican period it was a vast, sprawling empire without an emperor. The differences between
the two civilizations therefore increased as the Roman Republic grew. In Athens, all free adult
men had voting rights. In Rome, active participation in politics was limited to a fairly small
number of Patrician and wealthy Plebeian families, and political life became notably more
corrupt towards the end of the Republic.

Both cultures gave free adult men a
high degree of personal liberty. However, Roman society made it easier for a...

How do Fezziwig and the present-day Scrooge compare as employers in A Christmas Carol?

After observing the
entire evening's dance and the festivities at old Fezziwig's, Scrooge tells the
spirit,

He has the power to render us happy or unhappy; to
make our service light or burdensome; a pleasure or a toil. Say that his power lies in words and
looks; in things so slight and insignificant that it is impossible to add and count 'em up: what
then? The happiness he gives, is quite as great as if it cost a fortune.

Fezziwig has given a party, a Christmas party, for all of his
friends, including his apprentices, Dick and Ebenezer. It was nothing extravagant, but it was
full of joy, fun, and Christmas spirit, and it is clear that all in attendance had a grand time.
Ebenezer and Dick's faces were "bright" as they enjoyed the party, and they
"pour[ed] out their hearts in praise of Fezziwig" when the party was over. Scrooge
seems to realize that he possesses a similar power, as an employer, and he realizes how
dramatically he differs from his own former employer. He suddenly wishes he...

How does the setting of Trifles by Susan Glaspell contribute to our understanding of Minnie Wright's life?

The setting
of Trifles , in Minnie Wright's kitchen, allows us to understand how
domestic her existence wasand how she must have snapped. As the wives examine the kitchen, they
absorb many details overlooked by the men. For example, as Mrs. Peters notes to Mrs. Hale,
Minnie was a careful and frugal housewife who did her part responsibly: the men observe but see
nothing in the frozen and exploded preserves, but Mrs. Peters remembers a woman who,
in...

In "The Lovely Bones", what does Ray decide to become?

Ray
decides to study medicine, but he
continually seeks for more...

Where is there evidence of Feminism in The Scarlet Letter?

As the
other answer states, feminism as we understand it today was not a part of Hawthorne's worldview
in this novelset in the seventeenth-century Puritan worldbut strong glimmers of feminism
nevertheless shine through.

First, , a woman, is by far the strongest of the
mainof the novel. She faces up to her "crime" of adultery. She does not run away from
Salem to start life in a new place, as she could have done. She bears her shame openly and
bravely. Ultimately she redeems her scarlet letter through her modest life and good works,
turning it into a badge of honor by...

Why did the US enter World War I?

There are two
main factors that led the United States to enterafter having stayed neutral for so
long.

First, there was the fact that the Germans had resumed unlimited
submarine warfare.  This had been a point of contention between Germany and the US for most of
the war.  The Germans had stopped using the tactic for a time, but started up again in January
of 1917.  A number of American ships were sunk in March of that year, leading to the declaration
of war in April.   The US felt that this type of warfare was illegal and inhumane.  The
government also did not like the fact that it reduced American trade with Britain.

The other immediate cause was the Zimmermann Telegram, which tried to persuade Mexico
to enter the war so as to keep the US tied down at home and unable to help the Allies in
Europe.  This angered many Americans.  Americans were particularly angered by the fact that the
Germans offered to give Mexico land that the US had taken from it in the Mexican-American
War. 

These two factors led to the end of US neutrality in this
war.

Why Did Brutus Kill Caesar

The previous
answers both link to the theme of 'public good versus personal benefit'.  Brutus kills a friend
for the sake of Rome.  He puts his country's needs before his own. 

Another
theme that  is strongly demonstrated through Brutus is  'lack of self-knowledge'.  Brutus is
manipulated into believing that Caesar will become a tyrant and destroy Rome as a
republic. (Remember that the term republic is not what we define as a 'republic' in modern era -
the Roman republic did not give commoners voting rights for instance.)  

Brutus allows Cassius to be 'his mirror' and to dictate his thoughts and emotions. 
Cassius cleverly flatters Brutus by telling him that Caesar is no better than Brutus, Caesar is
not a god, but Brutus has the admiration and support of the people of Rome.  The Romans are
looking at Brutus to save them from Caesar' tyranny.

If Brutus was more in
touch with his own strengths and weaknesses, he would have identified Cassius as a manipulator. 
He would have been able to question why Cassius hated Caesar so vehemently that he would attempt
to humiliate Caesar to the extent where he compares him to 'a girl'.  Cassius launches a
personal attack on Caesar.  Brutus should have been able to question this since he was a man
with 'grey hair'  (wise) at this stage.  Yet, he does not, he accepts everything Cassius tells
him and joins the conspiracy despite the fact that it troubles him so much that he is unable to
sleep or find peace of mind. 

This reveals that Brutus does not understand
enough about his own weakness, he is unaware of the fact that he is easily manipulated. He does
not realise that he is being used by Cassius to reach a private goal (destroying Caesar out of
envy) rather than acting for the good of Rome.  Shakespeare confirms this notion when Rome is
destroyed after the killing of Caesar.  Both Cassius and Brutus die as well which leaves the
audience with the question as to whether any of this would have taken place if Brutus did not
allow himself to be manipulated by a man (Cassius) who was not thinking about the good of Rome
in the first place.

 

In 1984, what does Newspeak refer to according to Winston's friend Syme? What is its ultimate purpose?

In Part One,
Chapter Five
of ,is lectured by his friend Syme on Newspeak, which is
the
official language of Oceania. Syme is an expert on Newspeak because he
works in the Research
department of the Ministry of Truth and is involved in
the writing of the eleventh edition of
the Newspeak dictionary. 

According to Syme, the essence of Newspeak involves
"cutting
language down to the bone." In other words, it involves the elimination of

words which the party deems unnecessary. We see this in Syme's handling of
adjectives:

"A word contains its
opposite in itself. Take 'good,' for
instance. If you have a word like
'good,' what need is there for a word like 'bad'? 'Ungood'
will do just as
well."

He goes on to say that the

purpose of cutting the language down is to "narrow the range of thought" and
therefore
eliminate the possibility of ever committing Thoughtcrime. It
simply won't be possible to think
something bad about the party because
Newspeak will have removed all the words that make these
feelings
possible.

On a deeper level, the development of Newspeak is
about
enabling the party to control people's thoughts. They already control
people's movements through
the telescreens, but Newspeak will allow them to
enter people's conscious and unconscious
thoughts and manipulate them
accordingly. If people are unable to articulate their
dissatisfaction with
the party, for example, they will (theoretically) be unable to feel it. And

this, in Syme's words, will signal the party's total control over Oceania: "The
Revolution
will be complete when the language is perfect. Newspeak is Ingsoc
and Ingsoc is
Newspeak." 

How do writers use imagery in poetry and prose?

is a
literary device that many writers use in both poetry and prose.  When writers use words that set
off visual images in our mind, that is imagery.  Imagery can also be words or phrases that set
off any other sense, such as hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling.  

For
example, 

"The couch had a nubby texture."
 Nubby tells us the way the couch felt.  

"The loud
crashing of the waves deafened me."  Loud crashing describes the way
the waves sound.

"The sweet, crunchy apple satisfied my hunger."
 Sweet and crunchy describe the way the apple tastes.

"The sweet smell of spring wafted through the room."  Sweet, smell,
and spring describe the way the room smelled.

Imagery can
sometimes rely on the use of literary conventions such as , , , , , etc. in order to evoke
strong images.  

For example, above "The sweet smell of spring" is
an alliteration of the "s" sound.  

Also, "crashing of the
waves" is an onomatopoeia of the word "crashing."

For more
information on literary terms, see:

What role does freedom play as a possible theme or just a vehicle for Santiago's journey in The Alchemist?

I
think freedom works fairly well as a theme. It is quite a broad theme, but a supportable theme
nonetheless. I would recommend narrowing it down to personal freedom and/or free will. The story
focuses on Santiago, and readers know from early on in the story that Santiago is a character
that wants the freedom to pursue his own goals and dreams. That is one reason why he wanted to
be a shepherd in the first place. It allowed him to travel.

Once he set out
on his journey to achieve his Personal Legend, he is met with choice after choice of whether or
not to continue pursuing that goal. He even stagnates at one point, but Santiago always manages
to follow his own dream. His choices often result in bringing him danger, but Santiago is always
free to continue or quit. The book does a nice job of showing readers the benefits of chasing
after our dreams, and that isn't possible without free will and individual
freedom.

What are some descriptions and examples of the innocent youth archetype in literature?

Theof the
innocent youth is pervasive in literature. It is typically associated with coming-of-age
stories, where the main character grows up, matures, and learns about the world. Their na¯vet©
and good nature serve them well and prevent them from becoming disheartened or downtrodden, or
worse, corrupted, while they mature in a cruel world.

Some excellent examples
of this are Ponyboy from The Outsiders, who is innocent, though not naive,
and is already learning the terrible nature of the world; Tiny Tim from A Christmas
Carol; and Jonas from The Giver, who is naive and unconcerned
about how the world works until he learns the deeper secrets of the world and his society. These
characters all grow and learn but remain pure and good natured throughout the
books.

Identify several highly globalized nations.

In order to
think about which countries are highly globalized, let us think about what sorts of factors
cause globalization. 

One factor that causes globalization is wealth. 
Countries that are quite wealthy tend to become globalized as their companies engage in
offshoring and as they import from other countries.  The United States is a major example of
this.  So are Japan and Australia in Asia.  Most of the countries of Western Europe are highly
globalized as well.

Another factor that causes globalization is the
possession of infrastructure.  This can be physical and/or human.  For example, China became
highly globalized because it had the infrastructure (things like ports, roads, and electrical
power) to attract factories that could produce for export.  As another example, India has more
of a human infrastructure.  It has many highly educated people who speak English.  These human
resources are a form of infrastructure that makes India another very globalized country.  The
Philippines is another country that is globalized in part because of its peoples command of
English as a native language.

Finally, there are countries that are
globalized due to geographic location.  Jamaica could be seen in this way.  So could countries
of Southeast Asia such as Thailand and Vietnam, which profit from their proximity to China,
Japan, and Singapore.

Who holds Prufrock's coat and snickers?

s famous
dramatic , The Lovesong of
J. Alfred Prufrock, utilizes a number of central
images, allusions
and metaphors to develop the idea that modern life is riddled with anxieties,

and that sometimes, these anxieties result in isolation and paralysis.

After
taking the reader on an intimate journey where he shares his
insecurities, the speaker,
Prufrock, has accepted his passivity at last and
has stopped worrying about when and how to take
action. Earlier in the poem,
he asked, Do I dare disturb the universe? (45-46). Towards the
end of the
monologue, the speaker has, in effect, decided that he does not dare. He says
quite
emphatically that he has seen the moment of [his] greatness flicker
(84). Here it becomes
clear that the time to act has passed, and that it is
too late to do anything about it. After
looking back at the passage of time,
he looks forward and says, And I have seen the eternal
Footman hold my coat,
and snicker,/And in short, I was afraid (85-86). The eternal Footman who

holds his coat seems to be death itself, almost taunting him with a snicker. Thisof
death
suggests that it has been his companion throughout life, holding his
coat as if to serve him,
when in reality it mocks him. Prufrock had spent the
majority of the poem convincing himself
that there would be time to act, and
that it was not a problem that he hadnt done so already. He
comes to
understand that the moment to act has passed, and that in reality death had been
his
companion all along. This realization makes the already vulnerable
Prufrock much more so, as he
admits, I was afraid (86).

How does the Party control the citizens of Oceania in 1984? References to the book or specific examples would be great.

Oddly
enough, the Party controls the citizens of Oceania by not having any laws, a factthinks about at
the beginning of the novel. Not having any laws can make anything a crime. For instance, though
there is no law against buying a journal and writing in it, Winston knows that if he is found
out, he will get the death penalty or, at the very least, 25 years in a hard labor camp. The
lack of any laws or boundaries on distinguishing the legal from the illegal keeps people in a
constant state of self censorship: anything they do or think is potentially a thoughtcrime or a
crime against the state.

The state also controls people through marriage. As
Winston notes, it is impossible to get permission to marry a person you might actually show any
signs of loving or being compatible with. The state tries as hard as possible to keep couples
alienated from each other and to reduce sex to a weekly pregnancy ritual done out of duty to the
Party. It doesn't want couples to enjoy sex or each...

In "Young Goodman Brown," who is at the gathering in the woods and what are they doing?

After
witnessing Goody Cloyse consort with the Devil, Brown is left alone and he sees the minister and
Deacon Gookin approaching on horses. He then sees his wife, Faith. He would see both of these
women, the minister, and the Deacon at the gathering in the forest. At the gathering, Brown sees
people from the town's council board as well as people he'd seen in church every Sunday. He sees
a number of other people, even the most "grave, reputable, and pious people" of the
village. In addition to the pious people, Brown sees disreputable people. There at the gathering
was a combination of the good and the wicked:

It was
strange to see that the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were the sinners abashed by the
saints.

The gathering formed to participate in some sort
of Black Mass or Devil worship. One of the purposes of the gathering was also to convert Faith
and Brown:

And there they stood, the only pair, as it
seemed, who were yet hesitating on the verge of wickedness in this dark world.

Herein did the shape of evil dip his hand and prepare to lay the mark of baptism upon
their foreheads, that they might be partakers of the mystery of sin, more conscious of the
secret guilt of others, both in deed and thought, than they could now be of their own.

This was not just a test of Brown's will to resist evil. It gave
him a chance to see that all people are capable of both good and evil. This is something Brown
would not be able to accept.

How is hope portrayed in George Orwell's Animal Farm?

Most of
the hope in in appears in the opening two or three chapters; for the
remainder of the story, what hope there was is taken away, and by the conclusion of the story,
the animals (except for the pigs) are left in a state of utter hopelessness.

The hope that exists in the first few chapters is encapsulated by the "Beasts of
England" song that the animals sing at their group meetings. This song articulates the hope
that "the day is coming (when) / Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown" for good. Having just
chased Mr. Jones from the farm, the animals are full of hope that their feat can be replicated
on farms across the country. When mankind is chased from all the farms in the country, the song
proclaims, all animals will be free. The "Rings shall vanish from (their) noses" and
"Cruel whips no more shall crack" their backs.

The "Beasts of
England" song also encapsulates the hope of the animals because it is all about affirming
the equality between themselves, between "Beasts of...

How did World War I turn into a global war?

There
were a number of catalysts, political realities, nation-state alliances, and series of cause and
effect events that resulted in the enormous size, scope, and scale of . Decades of historical
context is important to understand when looking at how so many countries became involved in
fighting in World War I. Since the year 1871, Germany had been growing in power and influence in
Central Europe. As the emerging nation-state began forming strategic alliances with
Austria-Hungary and Italy, many Western European nations, as well as Russia, became concerned
with Germany's growing consolidation of power and political alliances. As such, France and
Russia entered into political alliance, and while France and Britain were consistently on the
verge of aggression, the two nations entered in a political agreement to protect themselves from
the growing power of the German bloc.

By 1904, these political alliances
between countries were firmly in place. In the midst of these ever...

In The Witch of Blackbird Pond, what is Matthew Wood's reaction to Kit?

I take it you are
referring to when Kit arrives at her Aunt and Uncle's house without informing them that she was
planning on staying with them for good. The answer to your question can be found in Chapter
Three, that narrates Kit's surprise visit on the Wood household and the various reactions to
this strange newcomer in this drab, Puritan world. Whilst the other members of the Wood family
are pleased to see Kit and welcome her in, her Uncle, Matthew Wood, is shown to be less than
pleased. Note how he is shown to respond to Kit's presence and her news that she will be staying
with them:

Matthew Wood had not sat down at the table with
the others. Though he had said nothing, Kit had been aware that not a motion had escaped his
intent scowl.

Thus we can see that he is not happy about
the new arrival, and this impression is confirmed when he leaves and stumbles across the trunks
that Kit brought with her. Note how he asks about them "coldly."

What are some of Dr. Jekyll's character traits in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?

Well, to
begin, we know that Dr. Jekyll is extraordinarily intelligent, given his scientific
achievements, and he is quite respected. In addition, I would suggest that he could be called
deeply repressed. As we find out, there's a certain personal crisis at the heart of Dr. Jekyll
in the ways in which he possessed a very real dark side (though what this entails, we don't
really know) and the ways in which he was deeply ashamed of it.

In addition,
it's worth noting that from the very beginning, Jekyll's intentions behind the creation of Mr.
Hyde were corrupt, given that part of his goal was actually to find a way in which he could have
the opportunity to act out his own worst inclinations with immunity. This was the reason he
ultimately was so drawn to the Hyde persona: because Jekyll (or, perhaps, that darker part of
Jekyll himself) wanted to indulge in those actions while not suffering any ill effects as
himself. Honestly, I think this is one of the most interesting and disturbing...

Explain ways a person can become a willing participant in injustice when he/she is trying to be just in Janice Mirikitani's "Suicide Note."

The theme
in this poem is practicing injustice
for a just cause.

Become a willing
participant in
injustice, can be seen in Jane Mirikitani's "Suicide Note." We come to

understand that the speaker's parents haveknowingly or notgiven their daughter to
believe that
she is, as national columnist and writer Dave Barry says, "not
good enough," perhaps
the result of placing her in a position of inferiority
within a
their social norms, which drove their daughter
to take her life.

As an introduction to Mirikitani's poem,
she wrote:

An Asian American college
student was reported to have jumped to her death from her
dormitory
window...Her suicide note contained an apology to her parents for having received
less
than a perfect 4.0 GPA.

One may
understand how the Asian
(or Asian-American) parents of this woman expected
her to excel: it is not unusual for Asian
families to expect more than a
casual effort in a child's scholastic endeavors. In wanting their
child to
achieve excellence, her failure

to...

What is ironic about the function of the Ministry of Love in 1984?

There are
several types ofinvolved in the Ministry of Love: verbal and situational irony. Verbal irony
occurs when words mean the opposite of what we expect them to mean, and situational irony occurs
when events work out differently than we would expect in normal circumstances.

The name Ministry of Love is an example of verbal irony: this ministry is a place of
torture, not love. As an example of situational irony, the Ministry of Love is a place where
people deemed a threat to the state are starved, beaten, electrocuted, terrorized, and
dehumanized. This is the opposite of how we normally define loving behavior. The goal is to
stamp out the humanity of the victims: normally, as the novel itself shows through the
relationship betweenand, love brings people to a fuller humanity and is expressed through
tenderness to the beloved. In the Ministry of Love, however, souls are destroyed, and people are
released as empty husks obedient to the state for the short time they are...

What is the significance of Simon's death in Lord of the Flies by William Golding?

The brutal
murder ofmarks an important turning point in the novel in terms of plot, , and theme. Just prior
to this scene,has called for a vote of no confidence in , but the vote doesn't go Jack's way, so
he says he's not going to play anymore and leaves the group. It doesn't take long before he has
drawn many boys after him who want to hunt and honor him as chief. When he successfully kills a
pig and hosts a feast on the beach, every boy except , Ralph, and Simon is lured over to Jack's
camp. Eventually even Ralph and Piggy succumb to the temptation for meat. Thus the power
structure has already begin to tilt away from Ralph, who represents civilization, and toward
Jack, who represents violence. When Simon is murdered, it creates a further division in the two
camps. Ralph, Piggy, andseem to understand what has occurred, and although they deny it
outwardly, they at least...

what main point would the author like to get across to the reader

The
message that the author wants to get across is the true nature of war and all that that entails.
Like many young men, Jonathan tends to regard war as a gigantic adventure, a chance for him to
prove his manhood and become a hero. But not long after he joins up, Jonathan quickly becomes
disillusioned by life as a soldier. He discovers to his horror that war is hell; it is a
dangerous business full of death, destruction, and heartbreak.

The author is
keen to show us that war can also be incredibly complex. Jonathan frequently finds himself at
odds with those on his own side, and at...

Please explain the theme, message, and literary devices in the poem "White Comedy" by Benjamin Zephaniah.

The theme
or message of this poem is
to show, humorously, the many ways the word black has been attached
to other
words to create negative connotations. Zephaniah's poem highlights these
negative
connotations by changing common words or phrases that use the word
black to use the word white
instead: such as white-mailed instead of
black-mailed. The poem shows that the language we use
matters and that there
are many negative meanings attached to the word black, so that this is no

longer a neutral term.

A main literary device Zephaniah uses, which
springs
naturally from his subject, is .
Imagery is description using any
of the five sense of sight, sound, taste,
touch, and smell. Leaning heavily into visual imagery,
the poem's speaker
nudges us to imagine normally black objects and concepts as white: what

mental picture does being "whitelisted" rather than blacklisted, for example,
conjure?
Is it purer, more positive? Conversely, what kind of image is
conveyed when we picture
the...

Why does Abigail move all the way to California in Lovely Bones?

The answer to this
question can be found in the chapter entitled "Snapshots." Up until this stage,
Abigail is a woman who is presented as being haunted by her dead daughter and increasingly
alienated by her husband's inability to let Susie go. She needs an escape from this
claustraphobic situation, and so first tries adultery with Len. However, it is clear that this
is not enough of an escape for her. Note how the idea of going to California came about, and why
it was so attractive for Abigail:

My mother made it
through only one winter in New Hampshire before she got the idea of driving all the way to
California. It was something she had always thought she would do but had never done. A man she
met in New Hampshire had told her about the work to be had in wineries in the valleys above San
Fransisco. It was easy to get, it was physical, and it could be, if you wanted it to be, very
anonymous. All three sounded good to her.

Thus we can see
that Abigail went to California because it was something that she had always thought about doing
before the onset of family life. In addition, she could easily pick up physical work, to help
her forget her worries, and she could remain anonymous, and avoid the kind of questions that
would prevent her from truly escaping.

What is the primary focus of the student edition of The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel?

Former
self-proclaimed atheist Lee Strobel takes his copious amounts of research and evidence on the
existence of God and a Messiah named Jesus of Nazareth to the younger set in this adaptation of
the material found in his books The Case for Faith, The Case for Christ,
and The Case for a Creator .  Strobel's primary thesis is this:  he lost
interest in religion as a fourteen year old sitting in science class...

What is the significance of Reverend Wilson, Mistress Hibbins, and Governor Bellingham to Hester and/or Pearl in The Scarlet Letter?By 'signifficance'...

In Chapter
VIII of ,is summoned before the secular and spiritual leaders of the
community.  At the Governor's Hall, she is to be questioned about her fitness to raise her
daughter, .  In this dramatic chapter, Hawthorne brings together the four main  of the
novel--Hester, Pearl, Reverend , and --and other characters, who represent the State, the
Church, and the world of darkness.  Here, too, in this chapter, the author illuminates a theme
that he develops throughout the narrative:  It is better to sin honestly than to hide sin in
order to appear virtuous.

When Hester and Pearl arrive at the Governor's
Hall, bothand "good old Mr. Wilson," the secular and spiritual leaders of the Puritan
comunity, delight in Pearl's dazzling appearance that is in sharp contrast to the
"sad-coloured garments" of those Puritans gathered outside the prison door in Chapter
I.  The governor, whose home is resplendent with stained glass windows, a suit of armor, and
other luxurious touches, declares that the girl reminds him of his courtly days of masquerades
and such in England under King James, while the Reverend Mr. Wilson declares her a "little
bird of scarlet plummage." 

With sanctimonious hypocrisy, however, the
Mr. Wilson poses questions to ascertain Pearl's spiritual education.  When Pearl impetuously
refuses to answer the catechism questions correctly, the authorities argue that she should not
be raised by Hester.  Demurring, Hester argues,

"this
badge hath taught me...lessons whereof my child may be the wiser and better, albeit they can
profit nothing myself.....She is my happiness!--she is my torture, none the less!  Pearl keeps
me here in life!  Pearl punishes me, too!...she is the scarlet letter...and so endowed with a
millionfold the power of retribution for my sin?  Ye shall not take her!  I will die
first!"

Perceiving that the admission of her
sin by keeping the visible form of it, Pearl, will effect her spiritual healing and retribution,
Hester later turns away from the devilish temptation offered her by Mistress Higgins, who
invites her to a black mass, because of her duty to Pearl.  And prior to this incident, Hester
becomes aware of the destructiveness of spiritual hypocrisy as she appeals to the trembling
Reverend Dimmesdale to speak on her behalf.  As he comes forward to speak, Hester remarks how
pale he is, holding his hand over his heart, with eyes "troubled and melancholy [in]
depth."  Already the signs of his secret sin become apparent to Hester while Hester's
admission of sin have "saved her from Satan's snare."  Hawthorne's theme, stated in
the conclusion: 

Be true! Be true! Be true!  Show freely
to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!

is, indeed, brought to light in Chapter VIII in which major
characters convene.