Ancient Nubia was
located in southern Egypt and northern Sudan and was divided into two parts--Upper Nubia, or
Kush, which was the southern portion, and Lower Nubia, the northern portion. The people of
ancient Nubia depended on the flooding of the Nile to grow and irrigate their crops. While
people in the desert areas of Nubia remainednomads, Lower Nubia developed one of the first
states in the world, which was settled by the so-called A-Group culture (which developed from
about 3800 BCE-3100 BCE; they were given this name because their ancient name is not known).
Their remains show that they had similar symbols to those of Egyptian kings, and their
civilization was strengthened through trading such items as ebony, ivory, gold, and carnelian
with Egypt until their civilization was taken over by the Egyptians during the First
Dynasty.
Later, around 2000 BCE, the C-Group culture also developed along the
Nile, as did the Kerma or Kush culture around 1500 BCE. As the Kush culture grew in power, they
extended northward towards Egypt, and the Egyptians built fortifications in response. During the
New Kingdom (1550€“1069 BCE), Egypt conquered Nubia, which they referred to as Kush. All of the
powerful ancient Nubian states developed along the Nile, which provided them with the surplus
crops and trade routes to develop governments. Before the Egyptians conquered the Nubians, the
Nubian religion was independent of the Egyptians, though little is known about it. After being
conquered by the Egyptians, the Nubians developed a religion that borrowed from that of the
Egyptians. In addition, some Nubian deities such as Sekhmet may have been introduced from Nubia
to the Egyptian religion.
Ancient Libya's borders are not known exactly, but
they lie west of the Nile. The land was a desert. Ancient Libya was mainly inhabited by pastoral
nomads, the most populous of whom were the Libu. They lived by eating goats and sheep and using
the animals' hides for shelter and clothing. They followed a traditional Berber religion before
the introduction of Islam, and this ancient religion was notable for its cult of the dead. They
also had their own system of deities. Their pastoral nomadic way of life did not result in the
growth of a strong government. Instead, their civilization was a collection of tribes led by
different kings rather than a unified kingdom.
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