Providing examples, explain how sexual reproduction in plants has evolved to become less dependent on water.

Plants use varying methods in order to
achieve
sexual reproduction, both with and without water. One main adaptation that
plants
evolved is pollen, which has a protective coating to prevent the sperm
(male gametophyte) from
drying out and thus is able to fertilize the female
part (gametophyte) of a different individual
plant of the same
species.

Notably, some older species of plants, such as

mosses and ferns, must have water in order to reproduce. Their sperm "swim" to
the
female gametophyte through water, and thus they must be in a moist
environment in order to
reproduce.

Angiospermsplants that
produce flowersevolved another ingenious
way to promote sexual reproduction
without water. Their flowers attract pollinators such as
bees, butterflies,
and hummingbirds, which transmit the sperm of one to the female part of

another individual plant. Reproduction then takes place inside the flower, where seeds
are
produced.

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